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Abahlali baseMjondolo
Abahlali baseMjondolo (, ''Shack Dwellers''), also known as AbM or the red shirts,〔(Anatomy of a hunger strike ). Pambazuka.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.〕〔Richard Pithouse, ''‘Our Struggle is Thought, on the Ground, Running'. The University of Abahlali baseMjondolo'', UKZN, 2006〕 is a shack-dwellers' movement in South Africa which is well known for its campaigning against evictions〔(After Nelson Mandela, what next for South Africa? ), by Sean Jacobs, ''The Guardian'', 4 July 2013〕 and for public housing.〔(2011 may be the year that civil society rises as an opposition force ), Mandy Rossouw, ''Mail & Guardian'', 7 Jan 2011〕〔(Over the rainbow ), ''The Economist'', 20 October 2012〕 The movement grew out of a road blockade〔(Article in the Sunday Tribune newspaper by Fred Kockott describing the road blockade )〕 organized from the Kennedy Road shack settlement in the city of Durban in early 2005〔() Struggle is a School by Richard Pithouse, Monthly Review, 2006〕〔() 'Delivery and Dignity' by Jacob Byrant, Journal of Asian & African Studies, 2007〕 and now also operates in the cities of Pietermaritzburg〔() 'ANC to shift to the Left after South Africa's presidential election', ''The Telegraph'', London〕 and in Cape Town.〔() Article in the Sowetan newspaper on the launch of the Cape Town branch of Abahlali baseMjondolo〕〔Social Movement Media in Post-Apartheid South Africa, by Wendy Willems,''Encyclopaedia of Social Movement Media'' (Ed. John D. H. Downing, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, 2011)〕〔(Cape Town Administration Violates the Rights of the Poor ), Carmen Ludwig, All Africa, 27 October 2011〕 It is the largest shack dweller's organization in South Africa〔()'South Africa's Poor Have Had Enough' Carol Landry, Agence France-Presse, December 2005〕〔() Jonathan Steele, ''Why 2010 Could Be An Own Goal for the Rainbow Nation'', The Guardian, 30 December 2009〕〔(What's the Deal with the Toyi-Toyi ), by Lisa Nevitt,''Cape Town Magazine'', November 2010〕 and campaigns to improve the living conditions of poor people〔() 'The State of Resistance: Popular struggles in the Global South' edited by Francois Polet pp.139–140, McMillian 2007〕 and to democratize society from below.〔() iPolitiki ePhilayo〕
The movement historically refused party politics, and has boycotted elections〔(Matt Birkinshaw Abahlali baseMjondolo: A homemade politics, 2009 ). Libcom.org. Retrieved on 4 December 2011.〕〔('Shack dwellers honour their leader' ) by SABC News, 16 December 2009〕 and has a history of conflict with both the African National Congress and the Democratic Alliance.〔(The seed of a new opposition? ) ''Business Day'', 7 February 2011〕 (Despite this, it announced its support for the Democratic Alliance in the 2014 elections.〔(DA signs pact with KZN landless people ) SAPA, ''The Daily News'', 2 May 2014〕〔(Abahlali throws support behind DA ) Thrishni Subramoney and SAPA, ''East Coast Radio'', 2 May 2014〕) Its key demand is that the social value of urban land should take priority over its commercial value〔(Abahlali baseMjondolo March on Jacob Zuma, Durban, South Africa ), 22 March 2010, UK IndyMedia〕 and it campaigns for the public expropriation of large privately owned landholdings.〔(Traders: A Bridge Between Trade Unions and Social Movements in Contemporary South Africa ), by Ercument Celik, Nomos, Freiburg, 2009〕 The key organizing strategy is to try "to recreate Commons" from below by trying to create a series of linked communes.〔Joel Kovel, 'The Enemy of Nature', 2007 Zed Books, New York, p. 251〕
According to ''The Times'', the movement "has shaken the political landscape of South Africa."〔('Stench of shanties puts ANC on wrong side of new divide' ) by Jonathan Clayton 25 February 2006〕 According to Professor Peter Vale, Abahlali baseMjondolo is "along with the Treatment Action Campaign the most effective grouping in South African civil society."〔Peter Vale – (Insight into history of SA an imperative ) 2010/04/09 Daily Dispatch. Dispatch.co.za 〕 Khadija Patel has written that the movement "is at the forefront of a new wave of mass political mobilisation".〔(Shack dwellers take the fight to eThekwini – and the ANC takes note ), Khadija Patel, ''The Daily Maverick'', 16 September 2013〕 However the movement has faced sustained, and at times violent, repression.〔〔(Political tolerance on the wane in South Africa ), Imraan Buccus, ''SA Reconciliation Barometer'', September 2010〕〔(On the Quality of Electioneering in South Africa ), Frank Meintjies, ''All Africa'', 25 July 2013〕〔(Lessons from the Demise of Thabo Mbeki ), Jane Duncan, ''SACSIS'', 16 September 2013〕
== Context ==
In 2001, the eThekwini Municipality, which governs Durban and Pinetown, embarked on a 'slum clearance programme' that meant the steady demolition of shack settlements and a refusal to provide basic services (e.g. electricity, sanitation etc.) to existing settlements on the grounds that all shack settlements were now 'temporary'. In these demolitions some shack dwellers were simply being left homeless and others subjected to unlawful forced evictions to the rural periphery of the city.〔() 'Business As Usual', Centre on Housing Rights & Evictions (Geneva), 2008〕〔() COHRE report to the United Nations, 2008〕 In early 2008, the United Nations expressed serious concern about the treatment of shack dwellers in Durban.〔() United Nations Statement on Housing Rights Violations in South Africa〕 In the run up to 2010 there was also concern about the possibility of evictions linked to the 2010 FIFA World Cup across South Africa〔() ''The Guardian'' World Cup 2010: football brings defining moment for South Africa, 12 June 2009〕〔(The real winners and losers: of the beautiful game ), ''Sunday Herald'' 9 August 2009〕 and abroad.〔(World Cup 2010: football brings defining moment for South Africa ), 12 June 2009. ''The Guardian'' Retrieved on 4 December 2011.〕〔(''World Cup Whose Meaning Goes Beyond Soccer'' ), Alan Cowell, 28 December 2009, New York Times〕〔() Jonathan Steele, ''Why 2010 Could Be An Own Goal for the Rainbow Nation'', The Guardian, 30 December 2009〕
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